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šŸ“˜ Materi TBI : Tenses


1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang)

1.a Present Simple: Menyatakan kebiasaan, fakta, atau keadaan yang selalu benar.

Rumus:

  • Positif: Subject + V1 (+s/es)
  • Negatif: Subject + do/does + not + V1
  • Tanya: Do/Does + Subject + V1?
Contoh:

  • Positif: I study English every day. (Kebiasaan)
  • Negatif: He does not work on Sundays. (Fakta negatif)
  • Tanya: Do you like coffee? (Menanyakan preferensi)


1.b Present Continuous: Menyatakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang.

Rumus:

  • Positif: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing
  • Negatif: Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing
  • Tanya: Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing?
Contoh:

  • Positif: She is reading a book now. (Sedang dilakukan saat ini)
  • Negatif: They are not watching TV. (Tidak sedang dilakukan)
  • Tanya: Are you studying right now? (Menanyakan kegiatan saat ini)


1.c Present Perfect: Menyatakan aksi yang telah selesai dengan hasil yang masih relevan sekarang.

Rumus:

  • Positif: Subject + have/has + V3
  • Negatif: Subject + have/has not + V3
  • Tanya: Have/Has + Subject + V3?
Contoh:

  • Positif: I have finished my homework. (Sudah selesai, relevan sekarang)
  • Negatif: He has not visited Japan. (Belum terjadi hingga sekarang)
  • Tanya: Have you eaten lunch? (Menanyakan pengalaman terkini)
2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau)

Past Simple: Menyatakan aksi atau keadaan yang terjadi dan selesai di masa lalu.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + V2
  • Negatif: Subject + did not + V1
  • Tanya: Did + Subject + V1?
Contoh:

  • Positif: I watched a movie yesterday. (aksi selesai)
  • Negatif: They did not go to the beach. (tidak terjadi)
  • Tanya: Did you see the eclipse last night? (pertanyaan fakta lampau)


Past Continuous: Menyatakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung di waktu tertentu di masa lalu.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + was/were + V-ing
  • Negatif: Subject + was/were not + V-ing
  • Tanya: Was/Were + Subject + V-ing?
Contoh:

  • Positif: She was cooking when I arrived. (aksi berlangsung saat aksi lain)
  • Negatif: We were not studying at 9 PM. (penyangkalan waktu spesifik)
  • Tanya: Were they sleeping during the storm? (pertanyaan proses lampau)


Past Perfect: Menyatakan aksi yang sudah selesai sebelum aksi lain di masa lalu.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + had + V3
  • Negatif: Subject + had not + V3
  • Tanya: Had + Subject + V3?
Contoh:

  • Positif: They had left before I arrived. (aksi selesai lebih dulu)
  • Negatif: I had not eaten before the meeting. (penyangkalan urutan aksi)
  • Tanya: Had you finished the task before the deadline? (pertanyaan waktu relatif)
3. Future Tense (Waktu Mendatang)

Future Simple: Menyatakan aksi yang akan terjadi di masa depan.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + will + V1
  • Negatif: Subject + will not + V1
  • Tanya: Will + Subject + V1?
Contoh:

  • Positif: I will visit my grandmother tomorrow. (rencana masa depan)
  • Negatif: He will not attend the meeting. (penyangkalan rencana)
  • Tanya: Will they start the project next week? (pertanyaan rencana)


Future Continuous: Menyatakan aksi yang akan sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + will be + V-ing
  • Negatif: Subject + will not be + V-ing
  • Tanya: Will + Subject + be + V-ing?
Contoh:

  • Positif: This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Jakarta. (aksi berlangsung besok)
  • Negatif: She will not be attending the class next week. (penyangkalan aksi)
  • Tanya: Will you be working at 10 AM tomorrow? (pertanyaan aktivitas)


Future Perfect: Menyatakan aksi yang akan selesai sebelum waktu tertentu di masa depan.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + will have + V3
  • Negatif: Subject + will not have + V3
  • Tanya: Will + Subject + have + V3?
Contoh:

  • Positif: She will have finished the book by next month. (aksi selesai di masa depan)
  • Negatif: They will not have arrived by noon. (penyangkalan aksi selesai)
  • Tanya: Will you have completed the task by Friday? (pertanyaan penyelesaian)
4. Other Common Tenses

Present Perfect Continuous: Menyatakan aksi yang sudah berlangsung sejak waktu tertentu sampai sekarang.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + have/has been + V-ing
  • Negatif: Subject + have/has not been + V-ing
  • Tanya: Have/Has + Subject + been + V-ing?
Contoh:

  • Positif: I have been studying for three hours. (aksi berkelanjutan)
  • Negatif: She has not been sleeping well lately. (penyangkalan kebiasaan terkini)
  • Tanya: Have you been working on the project? (pertanyaan durasi)


Past Perfect Continuous: Menyatakan aksi yang sudah berlangsung selama periode waktu sebelum aksi lain di masa lalu.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + had been + V-ing
  • Negatif: Subject + had not been + V-ing
  • Tanya: Had + Subject + been + V-ing?
Contoh:

  • Positif: They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came. (durasi aksi lampau)
  • Negatif: I had not been feeling well before I saw the doctor. (penyangkalan kondisi)
  • Tanya: Had she been working there long before quitting? (pertanyaan durasi lampau)


Future Perfect Continuous: Menyatakan aksi yang akan berlangsung selama periode waktu sampai titik waktu di masa depan.

Rumus:
  • Positif: Subject + will have been + V-ing
  • Negatif: Subject + will not have been + V-ing
  • Tanya: Will + Subject + have been + V-ing?
Contoh:

  • Positif: By next year, I will have been working here for five years. (durasi sampai masa depan)
  • Negatif: He will not have been studying long enough to pass. (penyangkalan durasi)
  • Tanya: Will you have been living in this city for ten years by then? (pertanyaan durasi masa depan)
5. Rumus & Tabel Tenses Lengkap

Berikut adalah tabel lengkap rumus dan contoh kalimat dari 12 tenses utama:

Tense Rumus (Affirmative) Contoh
Present SimpleSubject + base verb (+s/es)She reads books.
Present ContinuousSubject + am/is/are + verbā€‘ingI am studying now.
Present PerfectSubject + have/has + past participleThey have visited Paris.
Present Perfect ContinuousSubject + have/has been + verbā€‘ingHe has been working for hours.
Past SimpleSubject + past verbI watched a movie.
Past ContinuousSubject + was/were + verbā€‘ingShe was cooking dinner.
Past PerfectSubject + had + past participleThey had left before I came.
Past Perfect ContinuousSubject + had been + verbā€‘ingShe had been studying for hours.
Future SimpleSubject + will + base verbI will visit tomorrow.
Future ContinuousSubject + will be + verbā€‘ingThey will be waiting at 7 PM.
Future PerfectSubject + will have + past participleShe will have finished by then.
Future Perfect ContinuousSubject + will have been + verbā€‘ingBy next year, I will have been working here for five years.

**Non-Finite Forms (bukan bentuk tenses penuh)**:

  • Toā€‘infinitive: to + base verb ā€” (Contoh: to read, to write)
  • Gerund: verb + ing ā€” (Contoh: reading, writing)
  • Past Participle: verb bentuk ke-3 ā€” (Contoh: eaten, seen, written)

Fungsi nonā€‘finite ini sering dipakai dalam kalimat seperti:

  • Subject (Gerund): Reading is fun.
  • Goal/tujuan (Toā€‘infinitive): She wants to study.
  • Perfect tense (Past Participle): They have eaten lunch.

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Tenses

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